Optimizing Optical Systems Using Code Division Multiple Access and/or Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing

ABSTRACT

An optical receiver comprises an optical port configured to receive an encoded optical signal, and a demodulation block indirectly coupled to the port and comprising a multiplexer, wherein the multiplexer is configured to receive an encoded electrical signal, wherein the encoded electrical signal is associated with the encoded optical signal, and wherein the encoded electrical signal is encoded using a code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme, receive a code associated with the scheme, perform a dot multiplication of the encoded electrical signal and the code, and generate a differential voltage based on the dot multiplication.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. Non-Provisionalapplication Ser. No. 14/101,969 filed on Dec. 10, 2013, entitled“Optimizing Optical Systems Using Code Division Multiple Access and/orOrthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing,” which claims benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 61/810,168 filed Apr. 9, 2013 by LimingFang and titled “Method of Transmission on Fiber Based on PON and ShortDistance Transportation Architecture,” all of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND

A passive optical network (PON) is one system for providing networkaccess over “the last mile.” A PON is a point-to-multipoint networkcomprised of an optical line terminal (OLT) at a central office (CO), aplurality of optical network units (ONUs) at the user premises, and anoptical distribution network (ODN) connecting the OLT and the ONUs. PONsmay also comprise remote nodes (RNs) located between the OLTs and theONUs, for example, at the end of a road where multiple users reside. Inrecent years, time division multiplexing (TDM) PONs and wavelengthdivision multiplexing (WDM) PONs have been deployed in order to increasebandwidth. In TDM PONs, each ONU may send and receive data across everyavailable wavelength, but only at dedicated time intervals. In WDM PONs,each ONU may send and receive data in a continuous manner, but only atdedicated wavelengths. A hybrid PON combining TDM with WDM can supporthigher capacity so that an increased number of users can be served by asingle OLT with sufficient bandwidth per user. In such a time andwavelength division multiplexed (TWDM) PON, a WDM PON may be overlaid ontop of a TDM PON. In other words, multiple wavelengths may bemultiplexed together to share a single feeder fiber, and each wavelengthmay be shared by multiple users using TDM. TWDM PONs, however, presentdesign and cost issues that must be addressed.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the disclosure includes an optical receivercomprising an optical port configured to receive an encoded opticalsignal, and a demodulation block indirectly coupled to the port andcomprising a multiplexer, wherein the multiplexer is configured toreceive an encoded electrical signal, wherein the encoded electricalsignal is associated with the encoded optical signal, and wherein theencoded electrical signal is encoded using a code division multipleaccess (CDMA) scheme, receive a code associated with the scheme, performa dot multiplication of the encoded electrical signal and the code, andgenerate a differential voltage based on the dot multiplication.

In another embodiment, the disclosure includes a method comprisingreceiving an encoded optical signal, converting the encoded opticalsignal into an encoded electrical signal, wherein the encoded electricalsignal is encoded using a CDMA scheme, performing a dot multiplicationof the encoded electrical signal and a code associated with the scheme,and generating a differential voltage based on the dot multiplication.The method may further comprise converting the differential voltage to acurrent, accumulating the current, generating a decoded electricalsignal based on the current, comparing the decoded electrical signal toa predefined threshold, and generating original data based on thecomparing.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes an opticaltransmitter comprising a port configured to receive an input electricalsignal, an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulationblock coupled to the port and configured to receive the input electricalsignal, modulate the input electrical signal using OFDM, and generate areal digital electrical signal, a digital-to-analog (DAC) convertercoupled to the OFDM modulation block and configured to convert the realdigital electrical signal to an analog electrical signal, and a CDMAmodulation block coupled to the DAC converter and configured to receivethe analog electrical signal, modulate the analog electrical signalusing CDMA, and generate an encoded electrical signal.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a method comprisingreceiving an input electrical signal, modulating the input electricalsignal using OFDM, generating an electrical signal comprising a realportion but no complex portion, and modulating the electrical signalusing CDMA to create a modulated electrical signal. The method mayfurther comprise adding the modulated electrical signal to at least oneadditional signal to create a combined electrical signal, converting thecombined electrical signal to an optical signal, and transmitting theoptical signal.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes an opticaltransmitter comprising a port configured to receive an input electricalsignal, an OFDM modulation block coupled to the port and configured to,modulate the input electrical signal using OFDM, generate a realelectrical signal, and generate an imaginary electrical signal, a firstCDMA modulation block coupled to the OFDM modulation block andconfigured to modulate the real electrical signal using CDMA, andgenerate a real modulated electrical signal, and a second CDMAmodulation block coupled to the OFDM modulation block and configured tomodulate the imaginary electrical signal using CDMA, and generate animaginary modulated electrical signal.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a method comprisingreceiving an optical signal, converting a first portion of the opticalsignal into a real analog signal, converting a second portion of theoptical signal into an imaginary analog signal, performing a first dotmultiplication of the real analog signal and a first code associatedwith a CDMA scheme to produce a real decoded analog signal, andperforming a second dot multiplication of the imaginary analog signaland a second code associated with the CDMA scheme to produce animaginary decoded analog signal.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a passive opticalnetwork (PON) comprising an optical line terminal (OLT), optical networkunits (ONUs) indirectly coupled to the OLT, and a control layerlogically coupled to the OLT and the ONUs, implementing a CDMA scheme,and comprising an initialization block configured to connect the ONUs tothe PON and prepare the ONUs to send and receive data, a dynamicbandwidth allocation block configured to allocate to the ONUs time slotsfor upstream transmission, a code assignment block configured to assignto the ONUs orthogonal codes associated with the scheme, and a rateadaptation block configured to indicate to the ONUs a pulse-amplitudemodulation (PAM) order associated with the PON and adjust the PAM orderbased on a criterion. The criterion may be one of a signal-to-noiseratio (SNR), a bit error rate (BER), and signal power.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a method comprisingmodulating a signal using a PAM scheme, assigning to the signal anorthogonal code associated with a CDMA scheme, modulating the signalusing the orthogonal code and the CDMA scheme, and adjusting an orderassociated with the PAM scheme based on at least one of an SNR, a BERassociated with the signal, and a signal power.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a PON comprising anOLT, ONUs indirectly coupled to the OLT, and a control layer logicallycoupled to the OLT and the ONUs, implementing a CDMA scheme,implementing an OFDM scheme, and comprising an initialization blockconfigured to connect the ONUs to the PON and prepare the ONUs to sendand receive data, a dynamic bandwidth allocation block configured toallocate to the ONUs time slots for upstream transmission, a codeassignment block configured to assign to the ONUs orthogonal codesassociated with the CDMA scheme, and a rate adaptation block configuredto indicate to the ONUs a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) orderassociated with the PON and adjust the QAM order based on a criterion.The criterion may be one of an SNR, a BER, and signal power.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a method comprisingmodulating a signal using a QAM scheme, assigning to the signal anorthogonal code associated with a CDMA scheme, modulating the signalusing the orthogonal code and the CDMA scheme, and adjusting an orderassociated with the QAM scheme based on at least one of an SNR, a BERassociated with the signal, and a signal power.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a communicationssystem comprising a CO comprising a digital subscriber line (DSL)transceiver, a drop port (DP) communicatively coupled to the CO via anoptical fiber, and a customer premises equipment (CPE) communicativelycoupled to the DP via a twisted pair cabling and comprising a DSLreceiver and a DSL transmitter.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a communicationssystem comprising a CO comprising a coaxial transceiver, a DPcommunicatively coupled to the CO via an optical fiber, and a userequipment (UE) communicatively coupled to the DP via a coaxial cable andcomprising a coaxial receiver and a coaxial transmitter.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a communicationssystem comprising a CO comprising legacy equipment and a baseband unit(BBU), wherein the BBU comprises a cellular transceiver, and a CDMAmodulation block indirectly coupled to the cellular transceiver, and abase station (BS) communicatively coupled to the CO via an opticalfiber.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a communicationssystem comprising a headend comprising a cable modem termination system(CMTS) and a first optical modulation/demodulation block, a fiber node(FN) communicatively coupled to the headend via an optical fiber, afirst cable modem (CM) communicatively coupled to the FN via a coaxialcable, and a fiber modem (FM) communicatively coupled to the headend viaan optical fiber and comprising a second optical modulation/demodulationblock, and a second CM.

These and other features will be more clearly understood from thefollowing detailed description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of this disclosure, reference is nowmade to the following brief description, taken in connection with theaccompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like referencenumerals represent like parts.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a PON.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a network device.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a binary optical transmitter employingcode division multiple access (CDMA).

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the CDMA modulation block₂ and the codebook of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the adder of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a binary optical receiver correspondingto the binary optical transmitter of FIG. 3.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the CDMA demodulation block of FIG. 6according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a table illustrating the logic of the multiplexer of FIG. 7according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)optical transmitter 900 employing CDMA.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the DACs_(1-n) of FIG. 9 according toan embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of the CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) ofFIG. 9 according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a PAM optical receiver correspondingto the PAM optical transmitter of FIG. 9.

FIG. 13 is a graphical illustration of thresholds used in the decisionblock of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a system employing orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation.

FIG. 15 is a graphical illustration of a constellation map.

FIG. 16 is a simplified schematic diagram of a system employing OFDM andCDMA according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 17 is a detailed schematic diagram of the transmitter of FIG. 16according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 18 is a detailed schematic diagram of the receiver of FIG. 16according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 19 is another detailed schematic diagram of the transmitter of FIG.16 employing dual optical polarizations according to another embodimentof the disclosure.

FIG. 20 is another detailed schematic diagram of the receiver of FIG. 16employing dual optical polarizations according to another embodiment ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram of an optical transmitter employing CDMAaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram of an optical receiver corresponding tothe optical transmitter of FIG. 21 according to an embodiment of thedisclosure.

FIG. 23 is a diagram of a physical layer frame for use in a PONemploying CDMA.

FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of an optical transceiver employing OFDMand CDMA according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram of a transceiver employing OFDM and CDMAin a short-distance system according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram of a PON system employing (digitalsubscriber line) DSL according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram of a PON system employing coaxial cableaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of a wireless network.

FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram of a wireless network employing fiberaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 30 is a schematic diagram of a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) network.

FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram of an HFC network employing coaxial andoptical sub-networks according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 32 is a flowchart illustrating a method of CDMA demodulationaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 33 is a flowchart illustrating a method of transmitting anOFDM-modulated and a CDMA-modulated signal according to an embodiment ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 34 is a flowchart illustrating a method of receiving aCDMA-modulated and an OFDM-modulated signal according to an embodimentof the disclosure.

FIG. 35 is a flowchart illustrating a method of dynamically adjusting aPAM scheme according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 36 is a flowchart illustrating a method of dynamically adjusting aQAM scheme according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It should be understood at the outset that, although an illustrativeimplementation of one or more embodiments are provided below, thedisclosed systems and/or methods may be implemented using any number oftechniques, whether currently known or in existence. The disclosureshould in no way be limited to the illustrative implementations,drawings, and techniques illustrated below, including the exemplarydesigns and implementations illustrated and described herein, but may bemodified within the scope of the appended claims along with their fullscope of equivalents.

Current PONs may have issues that limit their performance or keep costshigh. First, PONs have developed from gigabit-capable PONs (GPONs) to40G GPONs. In such PONs, electrical signal bit rates may reach 12.5gigahertz (GHz), which may near the limitation of current electrical andoptical component manufacturing capabilities. Nonetheless, data ratedemands continue to increase. To increase data rates without increasingcosts, previous PON techniques have focused on non-return-to-zero (NRZ)modulation methods, which may offer increased data rates withoutemploying high-speed and costly analog-to-digital converters (ADCs),DACs, and complicated data processing systems. Modulate and itsderivatives may be used interchangeably with encode and its derivativeswhere appropriate, and demodulate and its derivatives may be usedinterchangeably with decode and its derivatives where appropriate. Othermodulation methods such as CDMA, OFDM, and QAM, which may be moreefficient than NRZ, may require the costly components. Accordingly,there is a need to increase PON data rates without significantlyincreasing costs.

Second, as described above, PONs may employ a point-to-multipointarchitecture where a single OLT connects to multiple ONUs. Whentransmission occurs downstream from the OLT to the ONUs, the ONUs mayremain on and process data at a high speed corresponding to the fiber.The physical layers of the ONU circuits may process all the data theyreceive and forward that data to the media access control (MAC) layersregardless of whether the data corresponds to the individual ONUs. TheMAC layers of the ONU circuits may then process all the data theyreceive and forward the data to upper layers if the data corresponds tothe individual ONUs. The unnecessary processing at the physical layersmay cause unnecessary power consumption. At the same time, PONs may bedesigned based on a lowest possible power budget, but PONs may notactually operate under such a budget. For example, a GPON may bedesigned to meet a lowest power budget of −30 decibel milliwatt (dBm),which may correspond to a 1 dBm average transmit power, 20 kilometers(km) of fiber, and a 1:64 splitter ratio. In that case, the modulationefficiency may be 1 bit/Hertz (Hz) to guarantee a target bit error rate(BER). In many cases, though, GPONs may have increased power budgets,which may allow for modulation efficiencies of 2 bits/Hz or more andthus higher data rates. Current PONs may not be flexible enough to suitpower budgets by changing the number of loading bits.

Third, current PONs may employ fiber all the way to individual homes.This method is expensive because it may require significant constructionto lay fiber underground and in buildings. Other current PONs may employfiber almost all the way to individual homes and use existing copperwires to reach the individual homes. This latter method is lessexpensive than the fiber to the home method and is referred to as fiberto the drop point (FTTdp) or fiber to the door (FTTD). The latter methodmay employ more specific technologies known as FTTx+Vector DSL,FTTx+G.Fast, or other technologies that may comprise remote equipment atthe drop point or on the outside walls of the individual homes. Thismethod is similar to fiber to the node (FTTN), but the remote equipmentmay be smaller and support fewer users. In addition, the remoteequipment may be subject to higher temperatures, higher humidity, lackof power supply access, etc. Those conditions may require that theremote equipment have increased condition protection, less thermalemission, less power consumption, etc., which may increase design costs.

Disclosed herein are techniques, methods, and devices for improvedoptical systems. First, a disclosed technique may employ CDMA or acombination of CDMA and OFDM, and thus improve efficiency 2 to 10 timescompared to NRZ, but without significantly increasing costs by avoidingthe high-speed and costly ADCs, DACs, and complicated data processingsystems. Second, a disclosed technique may allow for dynamicallychanging the number of loading bits in PONs employing CDMA or acombination of CDMA and OFDM in order to suit power budgets andguarantee target BERs. Third, a disclosed technique may provide forarchitectures that use legacy network infrastructure, but employ CDMA ora combination of CDMA and OFDM to improve data rates.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a PON 100. The PON 100 may be suitablefor implementing the disclosed techniques. The PON 100 may comprise anOLT 110 located in a CO 140, a plurality of ONUs 120 located at thecustomer premises, and an ODN 130 that couples the OLTs 110 to the ONUs120. The PON 100 may provide wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)capability by associating a downstream wavelength and an upstreamwavelength with each transceiver 105 in the OLT 110 so that a pluralityof wavelengths are present, combining those wavelengths into a singleoptical fiber cable 185, and distributing the plurality of wavelengthsto a subset of the ONUs 120 through RNs 150. The PON 100 may provideTDMA capability for each subset of ONUs 120 associated with an OLT 110.

The PON 100 may be a communications network that does not require anyactive components to distribute data among the OLT 110, RNs 150, andONUs 120. Instead, the PON 100 may use the passive optical components inthe ODN 130 to distribute data among the OLTs 110, RNs 150, and ONUs120. The PON 100 may be a Next Generation Access (NGA) system, such as a10 gigabit per second (Gb/s) PON (e.g., XGPON), which may have adownstream bandwidth of about 10 Gb/s and an upstream bandwidth of about2.5 Gb/s. Alternatively, the PON 100 may be any Ethernet-based networksuch as an Ethernet PON (EPON) defined by the Institute of Electricaland Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3ah standard, a 10 Gb EPON asdefined by the IEEE 802.3av standard, an asynchronous transfer mode PON(APON), a broadband PON (BPON) defined by the InternationalTelecommunications Union (ITU) Telecommunications Standardization Sector(ITU-T) G.983 standard, a GPON defined by the ITU-T G.984 standard, aWDM PON (WPON), or a suitable after-arising technology, all of which areincorporated by reference in their entirety.

The CO 140 may be a physical building and may comprise servers and otherbackbone equipment (not shown) designed to service a geographical areawith data transfer capability. The CO 140 may comprise a plurality oftransceivers 105 and at least one multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DeMUX)160. The MUX/DeMUX 160 may be any suitable wavelength separator/combinersuch as an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). The MUX/DeMUX 160 at the CO140 may combine the various wavelengths from the transceivers 105 into asingle line to feed into the RNs 150.

The OLT 110 may be any device configured to communicate with the ONUs120 and another network (not shown). Specifically, the OLT 110 may actas an intermediary between the other network and the ONUs 120. Forinstance, the OLT 110 may forward data received from the network to theONUs 120 and forward data received from the ONUs 120 to the othernetwork. Although the specific configuration of the OLT 110 may varydepending on the type of PON 100, in an embodiment, the OLT 110 maycomprise a transmitter and a receiver. When the other network uses anetwork protocol such as Ethernet or Synchronous OpticalNetworking/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SONET/SDH) that differs fromthe PON protocol used in the PON 100, the OLT 110 may comprise aconverter that converts the network protocol into the PON protocol. TheOLT 110 converters may also convert the PON protocol into the networkprotocol. The OLT 110 may be typically located at a central location,such as the CO 140, but may be located at other locations as well.

The ODN 130 may be a data distribution system, which may compriseoptical fiber cables 185, couplers, splitters, distributors, and/orother equipment. In an embodiment, the optical fiber cables 185,couplers, splitters, distributors, and/or other equipment may be passiveoptical components. Specifically, the optical fiber cables 185,couplers, splitters, distributors, and/or other equipment may becomponents that do not require any power to distribute data signalsbetween the OLTs 110 and the ONUs 120. Alternatively, the ODN 130 maycomprise one or a plurality of active components such as opticalamplifiers and power splitters 190. The ODN 130 may typically extendfrom the OLTs 110 to the ONUs 120 in a branching configuration as shownin FIG. 1, but the ODN 130 may be alternatively configured in any otherpoint-to-multipoint configuration.

The RNs 150 may be any components positioned within the ODN 130 thatprovide partial reflectivity, polarization rotation, or WDM capability.For example, the RNs 150 may comprise a MUX/DeMUX 160 and a rotatormirror 195. The MUX/DeMUX 160 may be any suitable wavelengthseparator/combiner such as an AWG. The rotator mirrors 195 may be anydevices, such as a Faraday rotator and a partial reflective mirror,configured to rotate the polarization of light and/or reflect light. Therotator mirrors 195 may comprise a partially reflective component suchas a partially reflective mirror or a splitter and a fully reflectivemirror. Other suitable optical rotators and reflectors may be usedinstead of the rotator mirrors 195. The RNs 150 may exist closer to theONUs 120 than to the CO 140, for example at the end of a road wheremultiple users reside, but the RNs 150 may also exist at any point inthe ODN 130 between the ONUs 120 and the CO 140.

The ONUs 120 may be any devices that are configured to communicate withthe OLT 110 and a customer or user (not shown). Specifically, the ONUs120 may act as an intermediary between the OLT 110 and the customer. Forinstance, the ONUs 120 may forward data received from the OLT 110 to thecustomer and forward data received from the customer to the OLT 110 viathe RNs 150. Although the specific configuration of the ONUs 120 mayvary depending on the type of PON 100, the ONUs 120 may comprise anoptical transmitter 180 configured to send optical signals to the OLTs110 and an optical receiver 170 configured to receive optical signalsfrom the OLTs 110. Additionally, the ONUs 120 may comprise a converterthat converts the optical signal into electrical signals for thecustomer, such as signals in the Ethernet or asynchronous transfer mode(ATM) protocol, and a second transmitter or receiver that may sendand/or receive the electrical signals to a customer device. In someembodiments, ONUs 120 and optical network terminals (ONTs) are similar,so the terms may be used interchangeably. The ONUs 120 may be typicallylocated at distributed locations such as the customer premises, but maybe located at other locations as well.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a network device 200. The networkdevice 200 may be suitable for implementing the disclosed techniques.The network device 200 may comprise a plurality of ingress ports 210and/or receiver units (Rx) 220 for receiving data; a processor, logicunit, or central processing unit (CPU) 230 to process the data; aplurality of transmitter units (Tx) 240 and/or egress ports 250 fortransmitting the data; and a memory 260 for storing the data. Thenetwork device 200 may also comprise optical-to-electrical (OTE)components (not shown) and/or electrical-to-optical (ETO) components(not shown) coupled to the ingress ports 210, receiver units 220,transmitter units 240, and/or egress ports 250 for egress or ingress ofoptical or electrical signals.

The processor 230 may be implemented by hardware and/or software. Theprocessor 230 may be in communication with the ingress ports 210,receiver units 220, transmitter units 240, egress ports 250, and memory260. The processor 230 may be implemented as one or more CPU chips,cores (e.g., as a multi-core processor), field-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and/ordigital signal processors (DSPs).

The memory 260 may comprise one or more disks, tape drives, orsolid-state drives; may be used as an over-flow data storage device; maybe used to store programs when such programs are selected for execution;and may be used to store instructions and data that are read duringprogram execution. The memory 260 may be volatile and/or non-volatileand may be read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), ternarycontent-addressable memory (TCAM), static random-access memory (SRAM),or any combination thereof.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a binary optical transmitter 300employing CDMA. The transmitter 300 may comprise CDMA modulationblocks_(1-n) 310 _(1-n), a code book 320, a direct current (DC) system330, an adder 340, an optical source 350, an amplitude modulation (AM)system 360, and an optional erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) 370. Nmay be any positive integer. N streams of electrical data may enter theCDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 310 _(1-n). In the CDMA modulationblocks_(1-n) 310 _(1-n), each stream of electrical data may be encodedwith a unique, orthogonal code from the code book 320 to create nstreams of encoded electrical data. The n streams of encoded electricaldata may exit the CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 310 _(1-n) and be addedtogether, along with a DC from the DC system 330, at the adder 340 tocreate a combined electrical signal. The DC may ensure a positivecombined electrical signal as the AM system 360 may not be able togenerate a negative optical signal. The combined electrical signal mayenter the AM system 360. In addition, the optical source 350 maycomprise a laser and may generate an optical source to feed into the AMsystem 360. The AM system 360 may then generate an optical signal thatvaries in intensity depending on the value of the combined electricalsignal's current. If the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the opticalsignal at a receiver is not high enough to reach a target BER, then theEDFA 370 may optionally be used to increase the transmission power ofthe optical signal. Finally, the optical signal may be transmitted to afiber or other transmission medium 380 as the transmitted opticalsignal.

The code book 320 may employ any suitable orthogonal code. For example,the code book 320 may employ a Walsh orthogonal code. In that case, abasic Walsh orthogonal matrix may be as follows:

$H_{2} = {\begin{bmatrix}1 & 1 \\1 & {- 1}\end{bmatrix}.}$

A next-order Walsh orthogonal matrix may be generated based on the basicWalsh orthogonal matrix as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{H_{4} = \begin{bmatrix}H_{2} & H_{2} \\H_{2} & {- H_{2}}\end{bmatrix}} \\{= {\begin{bmatrix}1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\1 & {- 1} & 1 & {- 1} \\1 & 1 & {- 1} & {- 1} \\1 & {- 1} & {- 1} & 1\end{bmatrix}.}}\end{matrix}$

H₄ may be said to have four codes, code₁₋₄. Code₁ may correspond to thefirst row of H₄ and therefore be [1 1 1 1], code₂ may correspond to thesecond row of H₄ and therefore be [1 −1 1 −1], code₃ may correspond tothe third row of H₄ and therefore be [1 1 −1 −1], and code₄ maycorrespond to the fourth row of H₄ and therefore be [1 −1 −1 1]. Anyother order Walsh orthogonal matrix may be generated using the samemethod.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram 400 of the CDMA modulation block₂ 310 ₂and the code book 320 of FIG. 3. The electrical data₂ may be binary, andthe code book 320 may comprise the Walsh orthogonal matrix H₄ describedabove. In an example, if the electrical data₂ is represented by thebinary sequence 1, 0, 0, 1 and the code₂ corresponding to the electricaldata₂ is the second row of H₄ and therefore [1 −1 1 −1], then the CDMAmodulation block₂ 310 ₂ may encode each 1 bit of the electrical data₂ as1, −1, 1, −1 and each 0 bit of the electrical data₂ as the reverse of 1,−1, 1, −1, namely −1, 1, −1, 1. Accordingly, the encoded electricaldata₂ may result as shown in FIG. 4.

The chip rate of the encoded electrical data may be faster than the bitrate of the electrical data. The length of the orthogonal code maydetermine that difference in speed. For example, because the code₂ has alength of four, the chip rate of the encoded electrical data₂ may befour times faster than the bit rate of the electrical data₂. In otherwords, the length of the orthogonal code may be the same as the ratio ofthe chip rate to the bit rate. Also, because H₄ has four differentorthogonal codes corresponding to its four rows, H₄ may encode fourdifferent streams of electrical data along four different transmissionpaths. Additionally, to ensure that the n streams of electrical datamaintain similar and consistent transmission power, received SNR, andother metrics, each stream of encoded electrical data may have the sameaverage power. In this example, because the data is binary, each 1 bitshould have the same voltage, for example 1.2 volts (V), and each 0 bitshould have the same voltage, for example 0 V.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the adder 340 of FIG. 3. FIG. 5 maydemonstrate one implementation of the adder 340, though it should beunderstood that other suitable implementations may be used. Similarly,when other implementations are provided herein, it should be understoodthat other suitable implementations may be used. The adder 340 maycomprise resistors R_(1,1-n) 510 _(1,1-n), resistors R₂₋₅ 510 ₂₋₅, acapacitor C 520, and a transistor T 530. The adder 340 may be an analogadder. Each stream of encoded electrical data from FIG. 3 may beconnected to its respective R_(1,1-n) 510 _(1,1-n), and combine into asingle, analog signal with multiple amplitudes. The analog signal maythen be amplified by T 530 to produce the combined electrical datamentioned above in FIG. 2. R₂₋₅ 510 ₂₋₅ may provide bias and allow T 530to operate suitably.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a binary optical receiver 600corresponding to the binary optical transmitter 300 of FIG. 3. Thereceiver 600 may comprise a photodiode (PD) 610, an optional amplifier620, a phase lock loop (PLL) system 630, a first clock 640, a CDMAdemodulation block 650, the code book 320, and a decision block 660. Asused herein, the word “block” may refer to a circuit or other suitablesystem. When not described further, a block may be implemented by one ofordinary skill in the art, by employing the techniques described hereinor otherwise, to carry out the described function. The transmittedoptical signal may first arrive from the fiber 380 as the receivedoptical signal. The PD 610 may convert the received optical signal intoa received electrical signal, the amplifier 620 may amplify theamplitude of the electrical signal to create an amplified electricalsignal, and the CDMA demodulation block 650 may decode the amplifiedelectrical signal with a specified code from the code book 320 to createa decoded electrical signal. Finally, the decision block 660 may comparethe decoded electrical signal with a predefined threshold to generatethe original data from the n streams of data in FIG. 3. The PLL system630 may synchronize the first clock 640 with a second clock (not shown)associated with the transmitter 300. The PLL system 630 may be replacedwith any other suitable auxiliary synchronizing system.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the CDMA demodulation block 650 of FIG.6 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The CDMA demodulationblock 650 may also be referred to as a correlator because it maycorrelate the amplified electrical signal with a specified code from thecode book 320. The CDMA demodulation block 650 may implementdot-multiply and accumulation operations. The CDMA demodulation block650 may be suitable for a binary, PAM, or other compatible system. TheCDMA demodulation block 650 may comprise a multiplexer 710, avoltage-to-current converter (VCC) 720, and an accumulator 730.

The multiplexer 710 may comprise transistors T₁₋₆ 740 ₁₋₆, resistorsR₁₋₂ 750 ₁₋₂, NOT logical gate G 760, port A 770, and port B 775. T₁₋₅740 ₁₋₆, R₁₋₂ 750 ₁₋₂, and G 760 may perform a dot-multiply functionwith the amplified electrical signal and the code from the code book320. G 760 may perform a reverse operation of a logical signal.

If the code is a logical 1, then T₆ 740 ₆ may be turned off because G760 may reverse the logical 1 to a logical 0. Likewise, T₃ 740 ₃ and T₄740 ₄ may also be turned off. Because T₅ 740 ₅ is before G 760, T₅ 740 ₅may be turned on. In that case, T₁ 740 ₁ and T₂ 740 ₂ may work as adifferential amplifier. If the amplification factor is one, then theoutput differential voltage between port A 770 and port B 775 may beequal to the amplified electrical signal.

If the code is a logical 0, then T₁ 740 ₁, T₂ 740 ₂, and T₅ 740 ₅ may beturned off because they are before G 760. Because T₆ 740 ₆ is after G760, T₆ 740 ₆ may be turned on. In that case, T₃ 740 ₃ and T₄ 740 ₄ maywork as a differential amplifier. If the amplification factor is one,then the output differential voltage between port A 770 and port B 775may be equal to −1 times the amplified electrical signal.

FIG. 8 is a table 800 illustrating the logic of the multiplexer 710 ofFIG. 7 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. As shown, if thecode is a logical 1, then the output differential voltage, V_(AB),between port A 770 and port B 775 may be equal to the amplifiedelectrical signal. If the code is a logical 0, then V_(AB) may be equalto −1 times the amplified electrical signal.

Returning to FIG. 7, the VCC 720 may be any suitable VCC known by one ofordinary skill in the art. The VCC 720 may convert V_(AB) to an outputcurrent, I_(O), and transmit I_(O) to the accumulator 730. I_(O) may belinear to V_(AB) such that I_(O)=αV_(AB) where α is a gain factor andV_(AB) is the output differential voltage as described above. Instead ofthe VCC 720, a current output multiplier or other suitable system may beused.

The accumulator 730 may comprise capacitors C₁₋₂ 780 ₁₋₂, switches W₁₋₂790 ₁₋₂, and outputs₁₋₂ 795 ₁₂. I_(O) may charge C₁ 780 ₁ or C₂ 780 ₂,and the generated charge may store in C₁ 780 ₁ or C₂ 780 ₂. The voltageof C₁ 780 ₁ or C₂ 780 ₂ may be

${V_{C} = {\frac{1}{C}{\int_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{I_{O}{t}}}}},$

where t₁ and t₂ are the beginning and ending times, respectively, of acode sequence and C is the capacitance of C₁ 780 ₁ or C₂ 780 ₂. In achip period, V_(AB) may be a constant, so V_(C) during the code periodmay be the sum of V_(AB) times a factor. W₁₋₂ 790 ₁₋₂ may be controlledby a control signal. At time t₁ of a second code sequence, the controlsignal may drive W₁ 790 ₁ to connect C₁ 780 ₁ to the VCC 720. Then C₁780 ₁ may receive, or accumulate, the dot-multiplied sequence and chargeC₁ 780 ₁ to V_(C) according to the formula above. At the same time, thecontrol signal may drive W₂ 790 ₂ to connect C₂ 780 ₂ to the outputs₁₋₂795 ₁₋₂, and V_(C) of C₂ 780 ₂, which may have charged during a first,preceding code sequence according to the formula above, may transmit tothe outputs₁₋₂ 795 ₁₋₂. At time t₂ of the second code sequence, thecontrol signal may drive W₁ 790 ₁ to connect C₂ 780 ₂ to the VCC 720 anddrive W₂ 790 ₂ to connect C₁ 780 ₁ to the outputs₁₋₂ 795 ₁₋₂. Theoutputs₁₋₂ 795 ₁₋₂ may together provide a differential output voltage.

The CDMA demodulation block 650 may improve efficiency withoutsignificantly increasing costs. As an example, if the code book 320comprises codes of length 32 and if the bit rate of the electrical datawere 1 gigabits per second (Gb/s), then the chip rate would be 32gigachips per second (Gcps). Then, if the CDMA demodulation block 650were implemented in the digital domain instead of the analog domain, thesample rate of an ADC would be 64 GHz according to Nyquist's Law. Such ahigh-speed ADC, which the CDMA demodulation block 650 may help avoid,may add significant cost to the receiver 600.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a PAM optical transmitter 900 employingCDMA. The transmitter 900 may comprise mapping blocks_(1-n) 910 _(1-n),DACs_(1-n), 920 _(1-n), CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 930 _(1-n), a codebook 940, an adder 950, an AM system 960, an optical source 970, and anoptional EDFA 980. Unlike with the binary optical transmitter 300, theelectrical data in the PAM optical transmitter 900 may be analog withmultiple amplitudes, so the DACs_(1-n), 920 _(1-n) may performdigital-to-analog conversion before the CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 930_(1-n). The mapping blocks_(1-n) 910 _(1-n) may provide a mapping frominput binary bits to PAM signals. For example, if the transmitter 900employs a PAM-4 system, then the mapping blocks_(1-n) 910 _(1-n) mayemploy the map shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Mapping Function Employed in the Mapping Blocks_(1-n) 910_(1-n)Input Binary Bits PAM Signal 00 1 01 2 10 −1 11 −2In Table 1, if the electrical data₁ comprises the input binary bits 01,then the mapping block₁ 910 ₁ may convert the input binary bits to a PAMsignal of 2. Any other suitable mapping function may be used. If the PAMorder is low, for example 4 or 8, then the mapping blocks_(1-n) 910 ₁may not be necessary. The DACs_(1-n) 920 _(1-n) may be any suitablecommercial DACs, but those DACs may be expensive.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the DACs_(1-n) 920 _(1-n) of FIG. 9according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The DAC 920 _(1-n) may beone of many suitable options for the DACs_(1-n) 920 _(1-n). The DAC 920_(1-n) may comprise a reference voltage source 1010, resistors R₁₋₅ 1020₁₋₅, a switch W 1030, a capacitor C 1040, and an amplifier A 1050. Thereference voltage source 1010 may provide a low noise voltage, v, whichmay be fed into the resistance network of R₁₋₅ 1020 ₁₋₅ to create thevoltages, v₁₋₅, as shown. The control signal may then drive W 1030 toconnect C 1040 to a desired voltage among v₁₋₅. For example, v₄ may beselected when the control signal is −2, v₃ may be selected when thecontrol signal is −1, v₂ may be selected when the control signal is 1,and v₁ may be selected when the control signal is 2. The output of W1030 may be a serial voltage of v₁, v₂, v₃, and v₄ in the time domainwhen the control signal is a sequence in the time domain. The voltagesequence may be a positive sequence, but may become an alternatingcurrent sequence after passing through C 1040. Once the electrical datais random, the absolute value of each sequence sample at point A mayhave only two values. Then the voltage value may be amplified by A 1050and produce an analog output signal.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of the CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 930_(1-n) of FIG. 9 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The CDMAmodulation blocks_(1-n) 930 _(1-n) may have a structure similar to themultiplexer 710 and may encode data similarly to the CDMA modulationblocks_(1-n) 310 _(1-n) as shown in FIG. 4. The CDMA modulationblocks_(1-n) 930 _(1-n) may each comprise transistors T₁₋₆ 1110 ₁₋₆,resistors R₁₋₂ 1120 ₁₋₂, NOT logical gate G 1130, port A 1140, and portB 1150. In an example, the CDMA modulation block₂ 930 ₂ may receive theelectrical data₂, and the code book 940 may comprise the Walshorthogonal matrix H₄ described above. If the electrical data₂ isrepresented by the PAM sequence −2, 1, 2, −1 and the code₂ correspondingto the electrical data₂ is the second row of H₄ and therefore [1 −1 1−1], then the CDMA modulation block₂ 930 ₂ may encode each 1 bit of theelectrical data₂ as 1, −1, 1, −1; each 2 bit of the electrical data₂ astwo times 1, −1, 1, −1, namely 2, −2, 2, −2; each −1 bit of theelectrical data₂ as the reverse of 1, −1, 1, −1, namely −1, 1, −1, 1;and each −2 bit of the electrical data₂ as two times −1, 1, −1, 1,namely −2, 2, −2, 2. Accordingly, the encoded electrical data₂ mayresult as shown in FIG. 11. Returning to FIG. 9, the adder 950, the AMsystem 960, the optical source 970, and the EDFA 980 may functionsimilarly to the adder 340, the optical source 350, the AM system 360,and the EDFA 370, respectively, of FIG. 3. Finally, the optical signalmay be transmitted to a fiber or other transmission medium 990 as thetransmitted optical signal.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a PAM optical receiver 1200corresponding to the PAM optical transmitter 900 of FIG. 9. The receiver1200 may comprise a PD 1210, an optional amplifier 1220, a PLL system1230, a first clock 1240, a CDMA demodulation block 1250, the code book940, a decision block 1260, and a de-mapping block 1270. The transmittedoptical signal may first arrive from the fiber 990 as the receivedoptical signal. The PD 1210, amplifier 1220, PLL system 1230, firstclock 1240, CDMA demodulation block 1250, and code book 940 may functionsimilarly to the PD 610, amplifier 620, PLL system 630, first clock 640,CDMA demodulation block 650, and code book 320, respectively, of FIG. 6;however, the decision block 1260 may perform differently from thedecision block 660 described above, and the de-mapping block 1270 maynot be found in the receiver 600.

FIG. 13 is a graphical illustration 1300 of thresholds used in thedecision block 1260 of FIG. 12. The decision block 1260 may comprisemultiple thresholds because PAM signals may have multiple amplitudes.FIG. 13 shows three thresholds, which may be suitable for PAM-4modulation. Threshold 1 may be at 1.5 V, threshold 2 may be at 0 V, andthreshold 3 may be at −1.5 V. When the decoded electrical signal isgreater than threshold 1, then the decision block 1260 may transmit a 2bit. When the decoded electrical signal is less than threshold 1 butgreater than threshold 2, then the decision block 1260 may transmit a 1bit. When the decoded electrical signal is less than threshold 2 butgreater than threshold 3, then the decision block 1260 may transmit a −1bit. When the decoded electrical signal is less than threshold 3, thenthe decision block 1260 may transmit a −2 bit. The 2, 1, −1, and −2 bitsmay be referred to as decision block 1260 outputs.

Returning to FIG. 12, the de-mapping block 1270 may receive the decisionblock 1260 outputs; apply the same map used in the transmitter 900, forexample, the map in Table 1 above; and produce binary bits. In thatcase, a decision block 1260 output of 2 may correspond to binary bits01, a decision block 1260 output of 1 may correspond to binary bits 00,a decision block 1260 output of −1 may correspond to binary bits 10, anda decision block 1260 output of −2 may correspond to binary bits 11. Thebinary bits 01, 00, 10, and 11 may correspond to the original electricaldata of FIG. 9.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a system 1400 employing OFDM. Thesystem 1400 may generally comprise a transmitter 1405 and a receiver1410. The transmitter 1405 may comprise a serial-to-parallel (STP)converter 1415, a mapping block 1420, an optional extension block 1425,an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) block 1430, an optional cyclicprefix (CP) adder 1435, a DAC 1440, and an analog front end (AFE) 1445.

The STP converter 1415 may convert the input data sequence to a paralleldata block. The parameters of the system 1400, such as the number ofsubcarriers and the loading of bits of each subcarrier, may determinethe format of the conversion. For example, if the input data sequencecomprises four subcarriers and each subcarrier loads four bits, then theSTP converter 1415 may select 16 bits from the input data sequence at atime and convert the 16 selected bits into four parallel groups of fourbits each.

The mapping block 1420 may then, according to a predefined rule, map thefour bits of the four parallel groups to complex coordinates on aconstellation map. The predefined rule should be employed in both thetransmitter 1405 and the receiver 1410. Using the constellation map, themapping block 1420 may generate parallel complex numbers. FIG. 15 is agraphical illustration of a constellation map 1500. The map 1500 mayshow 16 general points where each point may correspond to an in-phasevalue and a quadrature value.

Returning to FIG. 14, the extension block 1425 may be used to guaranteethat the output of the IFFT block 1430 is a real data sequence, asopposed to an imaginary or complex data sequence. The extension block1425 may do so by implementing a symmetric conjugate operation on theparallel complex numbers, thus doubling the length of the sequence. Theextension block 1425 may be optional if, for example, the system 1400employs IQ modulation. In IQ modulation, 1 may represent the in-phasecomponent of a waveform, and Q may represent the quadrature component ofa waveform. The in-phase component and the quadrature component may beorthogonal to each other. In that case, the IFFT block 1430 may modulatethe real parts of the parallel complex numbers with the in-phase partand modulate the imaginary parts of the parallel complex numbers withthe quadrature part.

The IFFT block 1430 may perform an IFFT as known by one of ordinaryskill in the art. As mentioned above, the IFFT block 1430 may produce areal data sequence if the extension block 1425 is present. Otherwise,the IFFT block 1430 may produce a complex data sequence.

The CP adder 1435 may copy partial data samples from the ends of datasequences and add those partial data samples to the beginning of thedata sequences. The added portion may be referred to as the CP. By doingthis, the CP adder 1435 may reduce intersymbol interference (ISI). Atthe same time, the CP adder 1435 may increase the length of the datasequences, which may decrease the efficiency of the system 1400. If theoutput of the IFFT block 1430 is a complex data sequence, then the CPadder 1435 may operate on both the real part and the imaginary part ofthe complex data sequence. The CP adder 1435 may be optional because itmay not be used if the system 1400 does not suffer from ISI.

The DAC 1440 may convert digital data sequences received from the CPadder 1435 or IFFT block 1430 to analog data sequences. Finally, the AFE1445 may amplify the analog data sequences; shift the baseband signal ofthe analog data sequences to a pass-band signal, which may transmit at ahigher central frequency; and transmit the analog data sequences to atransmission medium 1450 as the transmitted signal.

The receiver 1410 may comprise an AFE 1455, an ADC 1460, a CP remover1465, an FFT/frequency domain equalizer (FEQ) block 1470, a condensingblock 1475, a de-mapping block 1480, and a parallel-to-serial (PTS)converter 1485. The transmitted optical signal may first arrive from thetransmission medium 1450 as the received signal. The AFE 1455 mayamplify the received signal to create the amplified received signalbecause the signal may attenuate across the medium 1450. The ADC 1460may convert the amplified received signal to a digital received signal.The CP remover 1465 may be used if the corresponding CP adder 1435 isused. In that case, the CP remover 1465 may remove the CP from thedigital received signal.

The FFT/FEQ block 1470 may convert the digital received signal into aparallel data block in the frequency domain and compensate amplitudeattenuation and phase rotation caused by the transmission medium 1450.If the extension block 1425 is present in the transmitter 1405, then theinput to the FFT/FEQ block 1470 may be a real signal sequence and theparallel data block produced by the FFT/FEQ block 1470 may compriseconjugate symmetric complex numbers, the second half being the conjugateof the first half In that case, the condensing block 1475 may remove theconjugate half of the parallel data block produced from the FFT/FEQblock 1470 so that the parallel data block is halved. The condensingblock 1475 may be optional because it may not be used if the transmitter1405 does not comprise the extension block 1425. Alternatively tocombining both the FFT and the FEQ functions in the FFT/FEQ block 1470,the FEQ function may succeed the condensing block 1475.

The de-mapping block 1480 may apply the same predefined rule used in themapping block 1420 of the transmitter 1405 and convert the complexnumbers received from the condensing block 1475 into a data block. ThePTS converter 1485 may convert the parallel data block received from thede-mapping block 1480 into a serial output data sequence.

FIG. 16 is a simplified schematic diagram of a system 1600 employingOFDM and CDMA according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The system1600 may generally comprise a transmitter 1610 and a receiver 1620. Thetransmitter 1610 may comprise an OFDM modulation block 1630 and a CDMAmodulation block 1640. The OFDM modulation block 1630 may modulate aninput signal to produce a transmitted analog signal as described for thetransmitter 1405. The CDMA modulation block 1640 may modulate thetransmitted analog signal received from the OFDM modulation block 1630to produce a transmitted optical signal as described for FIG. 9. TheCDMA modulation block 1640 may then transmit the transmitted opticalsignal to a fiber or other transmission medium 1650.

The receiver 1620 may comprise a CDMA demodulation block 1660, adigitization block 1670, and an OFDM demodulation block 1680. Thetransmitted optical signal may arrive from the fiber 1650 as thereceived optical signal. The CDMA demodulation block 1660 may demodulatethe received optical signal to produce a received analog signal asdescribed for FIG. 12. The digitization block 1670 may digitize thereceived analog signal to produce a received digital signal. The OFDMdemodulation block 1680 may demodulate the received digital signal toproduce an output signal as described for the receiver 1410.

As described above, the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate may be thesame as the length of the orthogonal code. As a result, before the CDMAmodulation block 1640 and after the CDMA demodulation block 1660, thebit rate may be lower than the chip rate. Consequently, the OFDMmodulation block 1630 and OFDM demodulation block 1680 may operate at arelatively lower speed, which may provide for a lower cost and powerconsumption. For example, if the orthogonal code length is 32 and thechip rate is 10 GHz, then the OFDM sampling rate may be 10 GHz/32, or312.5 megahertz (MHz). ADCs and DACs with 312.5 MHz sampling rates maybe easier to obtain and cheaper compared to ADCs and DACs with 20 GHzsampling rates.

FIG. 17 is a detailed schematic diagram of the transmitter 1610 of FIG.16 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The transmitter 1610may comprise OFDM modulation blocks_(1-n) 1710 _(1-n), DACs_(1-n) 1760_(1-n), CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 1765 _(1-n), a code book 1770, a DCsystem 1775, an adder 1780, an ETO converter 1785, and an optional EDFA1790. The OFDM modulation blocks_(1-n) 1710 _(1-n) may comprise STPconverters 1720 _(1-n), mapping blocks_(1-n) 1730 _(1-n), extensionblocks_(1-n) 1740 _(1-n), and IFFT blocks_(1-n) 1750 _(1-n), which mayfunction similarly to the STP converter 1415, mapping block 1420,extension block 1425, and IFFT block 1430, respectively, of FIG. 14.Along with the DACs_(1-n) 1760 _(1-n), which are shown separately, theOFDM modulation blocks_(1-n) 1710 _(1-n) may produce the transmittedanalog signals_(1-n) as described for the transmitter 1405. Theextension blocks_(1-n) 1740 _(1-n) may guarantee that the output of theIFFT blocks_(1-n) 1750 _(1-n) are real data signals.

The CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 1765 _(1-n) may perform a dotmultiplication of the analog signals_(1-n) and an orthogonal code fromthe code book 1770 to produce the transmitted encoded signals_(1-n) asdescribed for FIGS. 9 and 11. If the orthogonal code is of length 32,then the frequency of the transmitted encoded signals_(1-n) may be 32times faster than that of the transmitted analog signals_(1-n). Theadder 1780 may add the transmitted encoded signals_(1-n) with a DC fromthe DC system 1775 to produce a transmitted encoded signal as describedfor FIG. 5. The DC may ensure a positive transmitted encoded signal. TheETO converter 1785 may convert the transmitted encoded signal into anunamplified transmitted optical signal. The EDFA 1790 may optionally beused to increase the transmission power of the unamplified transmittedoptical signal to produce the transmitted optical signal. Finally, thetransmitted optical signal may be transmitted to a fiber or othertransmission medium 1795.

FIG. 18 is a detailed schematic diagram of the receiver 1620 of FIG. 16according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The receiver 1620 maycomprise a PD 1810, an optional amplifier 1820, a PLL system 1830, afirst clock 1840, a CDMA demodulation block 1850, the code book 1770, anADC 1860, and an OFDM demodulation block 1870. The transmitted opticalsignal may first arrive from the fiber 1795 as the received opticalsignal. The PD 1810, the optional amplifier 1820, PLL system 1830, firstclock 1840, CDMA demodulation block 1850, and code book 1770 mayfunction similarly to the PD 1210, amplifier 1220, PLL system 1230,first clock 1240, CDMA demodulation block 1250, and code book 940,respectively, of FIG. 12 to produce a received decoded analog signal. Ifthe orthogonal code is of length 32, then the code book 1770 maycomprise 32 orthogonal codes, and the frequency of the received decodedanalog signal may be 32 times slower than that of the signal that theCDMA demodulation block 1850 receives. The ADC 1860 may convert thereceived decoded analog signal to a received decoded digital signal.

The OFDM demodulation block 1870 may comprise an FFT/FEQ block 1875, acondensing block 1880, a de-mapping block 1885, and a PTS converter1890, which may function similarly to the FFT/FEQ block 1470, condensingblock 1475, de-mapping block 1480, and PTS converter 1485, respectively,of FIG. 14. The condensing block 1475 may remove the conjugate half ofthe parallel data block produced from the FFT/FEQ block 1470 so that theparallel data block is halved. Accordingly, the receiver 1620 mayproduce the output signal.

FIG. 19 is another detailed schematic diagram 1900 of the transmitter1610 of FIG. 16 employing dual optical polarizations according toanother embodiment of the disclosure. The transmitter 1610 may comprisean OFDM modulation block 1910, DACs_(1-n) 1950 ₁₋₂, a code book 1960,CDMA modulation blocks₁₋₂ 1970 ₁₋₂, a DC system 1975, adders₁₋₂ 1980₁₋₂, ETO converters₁₋₂ 1985 ₁₋₂, and an optical combiner 1990. The OFDMmodulation block 1910 may comprise an STP converter 1920, a mappingblock 1930, and an IFFT block 1940, which may function similarly to theSTP converter 1415, mapping block 1420, and IFFT block 1430,respectively, of FIG. 14. The OFDM modulation block 1910 may notcomprise an extension block, so the IFFT block 1940 may generate atransmitted complex digital signal comprising both a transmitted realdigital signal and a transmitted imaginary digital signal. The DAC ₁1950 ₁ may convert the transmitted real digital signal to a transmittedreal analog signal, and the DAC₂ 1950 ₂ may convert the transmittedimaginary digital signal to a transmitted imaginary analog signal.

The CDMA modulation block₁ 1970 ₁ may perform a dot multiplication ofthe transmitted real analog signal and an orthogonal code from the codebook 1960 to produce a transmitted real encoded signal as described forFIGS. 9 and 11, and the CDMA modulation block₂ 1970 ₂ may perform a dotmultiplication of the transmitted imaginary analog signal and anorthogonal code from the code book 1960 to produce a transmittedimaginary encoded signal as described for FIGS. 9 and 11. The twoorthogonal codes may be the same. The CDMA modulation block₁ 1970 ₁ andthe CDMA modulation block₂ 19701 ₂ may use the same code. The adder₁1980 ₁ may add the transmitted real encoded signal with a DC from the DCsystem 1975 to produce a transmitted real signal, and the adder₂ 1980 ₂may add the transmitted imaginary encoded signal with a DC from the DCsystem 1975 to produce a transmitted imaginary signal.

The ETO converters₁₋₂ 1985 ₁₋₂ may each comprise an ETO converter and anoptical polarizer. An optical signal may comprise two orthogonal vectorfield components, which may be referred to as an I vector and a Qvector. Because the I vector and the Q vector are orthogonal, they maycomprise different signals that do not interfere with each other whentraveling through the same medium. The ETO converter₁ 1985 ₁ may convertthe transmitted real signal to a transmitted I optical signal, and theETO converter₂ 1985 ₂ may convert the transmitted imaginary signal to atransmitted Q optical signal. The optical combiner 1990 may combine thetransmitted I optical signal and the transmitted Q optical signal tocreate a transmitted optical signal. Finally, the transmitted opticalsignal may be transmitted to a fiber or other transmission medium 1995.While FIG. 19 shows the transmitter 1610 processing a single inputsignal, it should be understood that the transmitter 1610 may process asmany input signals as supported by the code book 1960.

FIG. 20 is another detailed schematic diagram of the receiver 1620 ofFIG. 16 employing dual optical polarizations according to anotherembodiment of the disclosure. The receiver 1620 may comprise OTEconverters₁₋₂ 2010 ₁₋₂, CDMA demodulation blocks₁₋₂ 2020 ₁₋₂, the codebook 1960, ADCs₁₋₂ 2030 ₁₋₂, and an OFDM demodulation block 2040. Thetransmitted optical signal may first arrive from the fiber 1995 as thereceived optical signal. The received optical signal may comprise both areceived I optical signal and a received Q optical signal. The OTEconverter₁ 2010 ₁ may convert the received I optical signal to areceived real analog signal, and the OTE converter₂ 2010 ₂ may convertthe received Q optical signal to a received imaginary analog signal. Thereceived I optical signal and the received Q optical signal may havebeen polarized, rotated, or both at the corresponding transmitter and inthe fiber 1995, so the OTE converters₁₋₂ 2010 ₁₋₂ may account for thatpolarization and rotation.

The CDMA demodulation block₁ 2020 ₁ may perform a dot multiplication ofthe received real analog signal and an orthogonal code from the codebook 1960 to produce a received real decoded analog signal as describedfor FIGS. 9 and 11, and the CDMA demodulation block₂ 2020 ₂ may performa dot multiplication of the received imaginary analog signal and anorthogonal code from the code book 1960 to produce a received imaginarydecoded analog signal as described for FIGS. 9 and 11. The ADC₁ 2030 ₁may convert the received real decoded analog signal to a received realdigital signal, and the ADC₂ 2030 ₂ may convert the received imaginarydecoded analog signal to a received imaginary digital signal. The OFDMdemodulation block 2040 may comprise an FFT/FEQ block 2050, a de-mappingblock 2060, and a PTS converter 2070, which may function similarly tothe FFT/FEQ block 1470, de-mapping block 1480, and PTS converter 1485,respectively, of FIG. 14. Accordingly, the receiver 1620 may produce theoutput signal. While FIG. 20 shows the transmitter 1620 processing asingle output signal, it should be understood that the transmitter 1620may process as many output signals as supported by the code book 1960.

FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram of an optical transmitter 2100 employingCDMA according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The transmitter 2100may generally comprise a physical layer 2110, a MAC layer 2120, and acontrol layer 2130. The physical layer 2110 and the MAC layer 2120 maybe the primary layers for transmitting data to the fiber or othertransmission medium 2180. The control layer 2130 may be flexibly managedto ensure that the physical layer 2110 and the MAC layer 2120 functionaccording to specifications, for example, the specifications describedbelow.

The physical layer 2110 may comprise CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 2135_(1-n), a code book 2140, and an adder 2145, which may function asdescribed above. The MAC layer 2120 may comprise a buffer 2150 and MACblocks_(1-n) 2155 _(1-n), which may provide framing, forward errorcorrection (FEC), 64/65 coding, and other functions for the input datapacket. The control layer 2130 may comprise a dynamic bandwidthallocation (DBA) block 2160, a rate adaptation block 2165, a codeassignment block 2170, and an initialization block 2175, which aredescribed more fully below.

FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram of an optical receiver 2200 correspondingto the optical transmitter 2100 of FIG. 21 according to an embodiment ofthe disclosure. The receiver 2200 may generally comprise a physicallayer 2210, a MAC layer 2220, and a control layer 2230. The physicallayer 2210 and the MAC layer 2220 may be the primary layers forreceiving data from the fiber 2180. The control layer 2230 may beflexibly managed to ensure that the physical layer 2210 and the MAClayer 2220 function according to specifications, for example, thespecifications described below.

The physical layer 2210 may comprise an optical modulator 2235, a CDMAdemodulation block 2240, a code book 2245, a PLL system 2250, and aclock 2255, which may function as described above. The MAC layer 2220may comprise a MAC block 2260 and a buffer 2265, which may provideframing, FEC, 64/65 coding, and other functions for the output datapacket. The control layer 2230 may comprise a DBA block 2270, a rateadaptation block 2275, a code assignment block 2280, and aninitialization block 2285, which are described more fully below.

As an example, the transmitter 2100 may be the transmitter 180 or thetransmitting portion of the transceiver 105 of the OLT 110, and thereceiver 220 may be the receiver 170 or the receiving portion of thetransceiver 105 of the OLT 110. A PON employing the transmitter 2100 andthe receiver 220 may be the PON 100. The PON 100 may have associatedwith it ONUs, which may be the ONUs 120. The PON 100 may transmit at adownstream wavelength of 1310 nanometers (nm) and transmit at anupstream wavelength of 1490 nm. The downstream chip rate may be 2.5 GHz.A Walsh orthogonal code may be of length 32, so the code may comprise 32orthogonal codes, there may be 32 downstream code paths, and the systemmay support 32 users. The sample rate for each path may be 2.5 GHz/32,or 78.125 MHz. The maximum analog data format may be PAM-16, which mayallow for four bits in each sample. The PAM order may be adjustedaccording to the power budget of the receiver 2200, which may bedetermined based on noise, transmit power, and other factors. Some usersmay be associated with ONUs 120 that may comprise more than onecorrelator, thus allowing more than one orthogonal code, and some usersmay be associated with ONUs 120 that support higher-order PAM systems;thus, the ONUs 120 may allow for varying throughput. The transmit powerof each CDMA modulated signal may be dynamically adjusted, under a totalaverage transmit power constraint, to increase the data rate for aparticular ONU 120. The transmitter 2100 may support all of the abovemaximum specifications.

The upstream chip rate may also be 2.5 GHz. A Walsh orthogonal code maybe of length 4, so the code may comprise 4 orthogonal codes, and theremay be 4 upstream code paths. The sample rate for each path may be 2.5GHz/4, or 625 MHz. The maximum analog data format may be PAM-16, whichmay allow for four bits in each sample. The PAM order may be adjusted asdescribed above. As described above, some ONUs 120 may allow for morethan one orthogonal code, and some ONUs 120 may support higher-order PAMsystems. The receiver 2200 may support all of the above maximumspecifications.

FIG. 23 is a diagram of a physical layer frame 2300 for use in a PONemploying CDMA. The PON employing CDMA may be the PON 100. Theinitialization block 2175 and the initialization block 2285 may providefor an ONU 120 to connect to the PON 100 and prepare for data. Tocomplete initialization, the frame 2300 may be used. The data in theframe 2300 may be exchanged frame by frame as shown. Each frame 2300 maycomprise a downstream frame 2310 and an upstream frame 2320. Both thedownstream frame 2310 and the upstream frame 2320 may comprise 1,000blocks, including a silence block, two training blocks, and 997 datablocks. In the downstream frame 2310, each block may comprise 128samples of code. Because the sample rate may be 78.125 MHz, the durationof each block may be 128/78.125 MHz, or 1.6384 microseconds (μs).Because the downstream frame 2310 may comprise 1,000 blocks, theduration of the downstream frame 2310 may be 1.6384 μs×1,000, or 1.6384milliseconds (ms). In the upstream frame 2320, each block may comprise128 samples of code. Because the sample rate may be 625 MHz, theduration of each block may be 128/625 MHz, or 0.2048 μs. Because theupstream frame 2320 may comprise 1,000 blocks, the duration of theupstream frame 2320 may be 0.2048 μs×1,000, or 0.2048 ms.

During the silence block, the transmitter 2100 and other transmitters(not shown) in the PON may be silent, so no optical signal may be on thefiber 2180. The two training blocks may provide for an ONU 120 toprepare for data after powering up, including by notifying the ONU 120of any modulation schemes. The 997 data blocks may comprise a payload ofthe desired data. When the ONU 120 powers on, it may listen for asignal. During that time, the PLL system 2250 may help the ONU 120synchronize the clock 2255 to a clock (not shown) associated with thesignal. Then the ONU 120 may search for the silence block to find thebeginning of the frame 2300. In the first training block, the signal maybe modulated by employing PAM-2 and a single orthogonal code known byall ONUs 120. When the ONU 120 finds the frame 2300, the ONU 120 mayperform orthogonal code alignment. A voltage control phase shifter (notshown) may be helpful for that alignment. During the alignment, the ONU120 may continuously correlate the signal using the single orthogonalcode and check the value of each correlation. The alignment may becompleted when the maximum output value results. After alignmentcompletes, the ONU 120 may demodulate the information in the firsttraining block. The first training block may comprise an indicator toindicate to the ONU 120 an appropriate time to transmit a registrationframe.

The ONU 120 may then transmit the registration frame to the OLT 110. Theregistration frame may be designed similarly to the frame 2300, but allthe data may be modulated by employing PAM-2 and the single orthogonalcode. The first training block and the last two data blocks may besilent to avoid optical signal interference on the fiber 2180. Theregistration frame may comprise specifications of the ONU 120, anidentification (ID) associated with the ONU 120, and other information.

The OLT 110 may receive the registration frame at a predefined timeslot. The receiver 2200 at the OLT 110 may first perform CDMA codealignment and may then perform demodulation of the data in theregistration frame. If the OLT 110 receives data it is seeking, then thetransmitter 2100 at the OLT 110 may send a confirmation frame to the ONU120 to inform the ONU 120 that initialization is complete. If the OLT110 does not receive the data it is seeking, then the transmitter 2100at the OLT 110 may not send the confirmation frame to the ONU 120, sothe ONU 120 may again attempt initialization.

The DBA block 2160 and the DBA block 2270 may allocate to differentusers associated with the ONUs 120 time slots for upstream transmission.DBA messages may be exchanged in an embedded channel in both thedownstream and upstream paths. The minimum transmission unit forupstream transmission may be one frame 2300, so the shortest schedulingtime may be 0.2048 ms. The DBA messages may include apply and ack, oracknowledgement, messages. The apply message may be for the ONU 120 toapply for a time slot to transmit data to the OLT 110. The apply messagemay comprise an ID and data length. The OLT 110 may comprise a tableindicating the priority of the ONUs 120 by ID. The ack message may befor the OLT 110 to indicate to the ONU 120 which time slots the ONU 120may transmit on. The ack message may comprise a time slot index and anorthogonal code index for CDMA modulation.

The code assignment block 2170 and the code assignment block 2280 mayassign the orthogonal code to the ONU 120. The assignment may beincluded in a downstream training block in the embedded channel. Asdescribed above, the PON 100 may support 32 users, which may beassociated with the ONUs 120, though some ONUs 120 may support more thanone orthogonal code and thus more than one CDMA demodulation. Staticorthogonal code allocation may not be feasible. For example, if anorthogonal code is allocated to an ONU 120 that is not communicating,then that orthogonal code may be reallocated to an ONU 120 that isbusier and may benefit from an additional orthogonal code. The codeassignment block 2170 may analyze the buffer 2150 to determine whichONUs 120 should receive data and to determine the priorities of thoseONUs 120. Then code assignment block 2170 may then generate a controlmessage based on those determinations and based on the decoding abilityof each ONU 120. The OLT 110 may then send the control message to theONUs 120 to indicate which ONUs 120 will receive data in the next frame2300. For each ONU 120 to receive data, the control message may alsocomprise an orthogonal code. The orthogonal code allocations may bepreserved for all succeeding frames 2300 until a new control messagereallocates the orthogonal codes. There may be two types of controlmessages. In that case, a start control message may be transmitted in atraining block and used to allocate orthogonal codes. If the ONU 120receives a start control message, then the ONU 120 may demodulate thedata belonging to it and go into a sleep mode to save power. A stopcontrol message may be transmitted in the embedded channel and used totell the ONU 120 to stop using the allocated orthogonal code.

The rate adaptation block 2165 and the rate adaptation block 2275 mayindicate the PAM order to the ONU 120. The receiver 2100 in the OLT 110and the receiver 2100 in the ONU 120 may monitor the SNR of theirreceived signals. When the OLT 110 determines that the SNR of itsreceived signal is 3 decibel (dB) less than the target SNR or when theOLT 110 receives a report from the ONU 120, via a special embeddedchannel defined for the report, that the ONU's 120 received signal is 3dB less than the target SNR, the OLT 110 may determine whether or not toadapt the PAM order. For example, the OLT 110 may determine to add a bitto the PAM order. The OLT 110 may then transmit to the ONU 120experiencing the increased SNR a frame indicating the adapted PAM order.The ONU 120 may then transmit to the OLT 110 an ack indicating that theONU 120 will increase its loading bits. At an indicated frame, the OLT110 and the ONU 120 will then adapt to the new PAM order. Alternatively,the PAM order may reduce if the reported SNR does not allow for a targetBER.

FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of an optical transceiver 2400 employingOFDM and CDMA according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Thetransceiver 2400 may generally comprise a transmitter 2405, a receiver2410, and a control layer 2415. The transceiver 2400 may furthergenerally comprise a physical layer 2420 and a MAC layer 2425, each ofwhich may comprise portions of the transmitter 2405 and the receiver2410 as shown. The transmitter 2405 may comprise a buffer 2430, MACblocks_(1-n) 2435 _(1-n) OFDM modulation blocks_(1-n) 2440 _(1-n), CDMAmodulation blocks_(1-n) 2445 _(1-n), a code book 2450, an adder 2455,and an optical modulator 2460, which may function as described above.The receiver 2410 may comprise a de-multiplexer 2465, CDMA demodulationblocks_(1-n) 2467 _(1-n), the code book 2450, OFDM demodulationblocks_(1-n) 2470 _(1-n), a PLL system 2473, a clock 2475, MACblocks_(1-n) 2477 _(1-n), and a buffer 2480, which may function asdescribed above. The control layer 2415 may comprise a DBA block 2483, arate adaptation block 2485, a code assignment block 2487, and aninitialization block 2490, which may function as described above.

As an example, the transceiver 2400 may be the transceiver 105 of theOLT 110 or the combination of the receiver 170 and the transmitter 180of the ONU 120. If the transceiver 2400 is the transceiver 105 of theOLT 110, then the PLL system 2473 and clock 2475 may not be necessary asthe OLT 110 may be the source of the clock 2475. A PON employing thetransceiver 2400 may be the PON 100. The transmitter 2405 may transmitat a wavelength of 1310 nm, and the receiver 2410 may receive at awavelength of 1490 nm. A downstream chip rate may be 2.5 GHz. A Walshorthogonal code may be of length 32, so the code may comprise 32orthogonal codes, there may be 32 downstream code paths, and the systemmay support 32 users. The sample rate for each path may be 2.5 GHz/32,or 78.125 MHz. The maximum OFDM modulation order may be QAM-1024, whichmay allow for 10 bits in each subcarrier. The QAM order may be adjustedaccording to the power budget of the receiver 2410, which may bedetermined based on noise, transmit power, and other factors. Some usersmay be associated with ONUs 120 that may comprise more than onecorrelator, thus allowing more than one orthogonal code, and some usersmay be associated with ONUs 120 that support higher-order QAM systems;thus, the ONUs 120 may allow for varying throughput. The transmit powerof each CDMA modulated signal may be dynamically adjusted, under a totalaverage transmit power constraint, to increase the data rate for aparticular ONU 120. The transmitter 2405 may support all of the abovemaximum specifications.

An upstream chip rate may also be 2.5 GHz. A Walsh orthogonal code maybe of length four, so the code may comprise four orthogonal codes, andthere may be four upstream code paths. The sample rate for each path maybe 2.5 GHz/4, or 625 MHz. The maximum OFDM modulation order may beQAM-1024, which may allow for 10 bits in each subcarrier. The QAM ordermay be adjusted as described above. As described above, some ONUs 120may allow for more than one orthogonal code, and some ONUs 120 maysupport higher-order QAM systems. The receiver 2410 may support all ofthe above maximum specifications.

The transceiver 2400 may send and receive frames like the frame 2300,except the 128-sample blocks may be replaced with 128-sample OFDMsymbols. The length of the OFDM symbols may be any other length such as64 samples or longer. Using 128-sample OFDM symbols, the subcarriernumber may be 128 if the transceiver 2400 employs dual polarizations, orthe subcarrier number may be 64 if the transceiver 2400 employs only onepolarization. The training bits may use quadrature phase-shift keying(QPSK), which may also be known as 4-QAM.

FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram of a transceiver 2500 employing OFDM andCDMA in a short-distance system according to an embodiment of thedisclosure. The transceiver 2500 may generally comprise a transmitter2505 and a receiver 2510. The transceiver 2500 may further generallycomprise a physical layer 2515 and a MAC layer 2520, each of which maycomprise portions of the transmitter 2505 and the receiver 2510 asshown. The transmitter 2505 may comprise a buffer 2565, MAC blocks_(1-n)2525 _(1-n), OFDM modulation blocks_(1-n) 2527 _(1-n), CDMA modulationblocks_(1-n) 2530 _(1-n), a code book 2533, an adder 2535, and anoptical modulator 2537, which may function as described above. Thereceiver 2510 may comprise a de-multiplexer 2540, CDMA demodulationblocks_(1-n) 2543 _(1-n), the code book 2533, OFDM demodulationblocks_(1-n) 2545 _(1-n), a PLL system 2547, a clock 2550, MACblocks_(1-n) 2553 _(1-n), and a buffer 2560 which may function asdescribed above. The transmitter 2505 may further comprise a bondingblock 2523, and the receiver 2510 may also further comprise a bondingblock 2555. The bonding block 2523 and the bonding block 2555 may be anysystems suitable for performing bonding functions as known by one ofordinary skill in the art.

The transceiver 2500 may be used in a point-to-point system, as opposedto a point-to-multipoint system such as the PON 100. The architecturemay be simpler because there may not be any control function required toschedule and prioritize traffic for different ONUs. Short-distancesystems may comprise loop lengths of approximately 2 km, and there maynot be a splitter between two transceivers. A chip rate may be 10 GHz inboth the upstream and the downstream directions; the sampling rate maybe 10 GHz/32, or 312.5 MHz; 32 orthogonal codes of length 32 may be usedin both the upstream and the downstream directions; and twopolarizations may be used for transmission.

FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram of a PON system 2600 employing DSLaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure. The system 2600 maycomprise a CO 2605, a drop point (DP) 2610, and customer premisesequipments_(1-n) (CPEs) 2615 _(1-n). The CO 2605 may comprise DSLtransceivers_(1-n) 2620 _(1-n) DACs_(1-n) 2623 _(1-n), CDMA modulationblocks_(1-n) 2625 _(1-n), a multiplexer 2627, an optical laser 2630, aWDM filter 2633, an optical diode 2635, a de-multiplexer 2637, CDMAdemodulation blocks_(1-n) 2640 _(1-n) ADCs_(1-n) 2643 _(1-n) andports_(1-n) 2685 _(1-n), which may function as described above or asotherwise known by one of ordinary skill in the art. The DP 2610 maycomprise a WDM filter 2645, an optical diode 2647, a de-multiplexer2650, CDMA demodulation blocks_(1-n) 2653 _(1-n), first amplifiers_(1-n)2655 _(1-n), second amplifiers_(1-n) 2660 _(1-n), CDMA demodulationblocks_(1-n) 2663 _(1-n), a multiplexer 2665, an optical laser 2667, andports_(1-n) 2687 _(1-n), which may function as described above or asotherwise known by one of ordinary skill in the art. The DP 2610 mayfurther comprise hybrid blocks_(1-n) 2657 _(1-n), which may provide aphysical conversion from the two wires of the twisted pairs to fourwires that may exist on a chip associated with the DP 2610. TheCPEs_(1-n) 2615 _(1-n) may comprise hybrid blocks_(1-n) 2670 _(1-n),ADCs_(1-n) 2673 _(1-n), DSL receivers_(1-n) 2675 _(1-n), Ethernet MACblocks_(1-n) 2677 _(1-n), DSL transmitters_(1-n) 2680 _(1-n), andDACs_(i-n) 2683 _(1-n), which may function as described above or asotherwise known by one of ordinary skill in the art. The CPEs_(1-n) 2615_(1-n), may be associated with users_(1-n) 2690 _(1-n).

Compared to a conventional FTTx+DSL system, the DSL transceivers_(1-n)2620 _(1-n) may be in the CO 2605 instead of the DP 2610. This maysimplify the DP 2610 and provide for less volume, power consumption,thermal emissions, etc. for the DP 2610. The CPE 2615 may be aconventional CPE. In addition, the number of DSL transceivers_(1-n) 2620_(1-n) in the CO 2605 may be less than the number of users_(1-n) 2690_(1-n) because not all CPEs_(1-n) 2615 _(1-n) may transmit and receivedata at the same time, so the system 2600 may appreciate a statisticalmultiplex. In other words, there may be less than n DSL transceivers2620. For example, if the system 2600 employs very-high-bit-rate digitalsubscriber line 2 (VDSL2) with a 30 a profile, and if the optical laser2630 and the optical laser 2667 are 10 GHz lasers, then the fiber may beable to provide 10 GHz/30 MHz, or 333 services. The orthogonal codelength may be the maximum number that is an integer exponent of two, yetless than 333, which yields an orthogonal code length of 256. In thatcase, the system 2600 may provide access to 256 users 2690, and eachuser 2690 may appreciate a 100 megabits per second (Mbps) symmetric datarate in both the downstream and the upstream directions.

Current FTTdp equipment may provide access to only 48 users at a time.In that case, a splitter may be inserted in the fiber between the CO2605 and the DP 2610 so that a single port in the CO 2605 may servicemultiple DPs 2610. The splitting ratio may be limited to 1:4 as everysplit may result in an optical SNR decrease of 3 dB or more.

The system 2600 may be implemented in at least two ways. First, the samestatic orthogonal code mapping table may be stored in both the CO 2605and the DP 2610. Each CPE 2615 may be assigned to a port_(1-n) 2685_(1-n) in the CO 2605 and a port_(1-n) 2687 _(1-n) in the DP 2610. Forexample, user₁ 2690 ₁ and his associated CPE₁ 2615 ₁ may be assignedport₁ 2685 ₁ in the CO 2605 and port₁ 2687 ₁ in the DP 2610. Port₁ 2687₁ in the DP 2610 may connect to port₁ 2685 ₁ in the CO 2605 only whenthey use the same orthogonal code for CDMA modulation and demodulation.When that occurs, the channel between the CO 2605 and the CPE₁ 2615 ₁may be established. To exchange the mapping table, an orthogonal codemay be assigned to the DP 2610 to establish a dedicated channel betweenthe CO 2605 and the DP 2610 for purposes of exchanging the mapping tablewhen the DP 2610 powers on.

Second, a dynamic orthogonal code mapping table may be used. This maymaximize resources if, for example, the CPE₂ 2615 ₂ powers off. In thatcase, the orthogonal code corresponding to CPE₂ 2615 ₂ may be assignedto another CPE_(1-n) 2615 _(1-n). To achieve this dynamism, the CPE₂2615 ₂ may not receive an orthogonal code until it requests one. To doso, when the CPE₂ 2615 ₂ powers on, it may send a handshake to the DP2610 according to the ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector(ITU-T) standards governing DSL, including ITU-T G.991.1-G.999.1, whichare incorporated by reference. In response, the DP 2610 may send to theCO 2605 an orthogonal code application message including portinformation via the dedicated channel described above. The CO 2605 maythen allocate an orthogonal code to port₂ 2685 ₂ of the CO 2605corresponding to the CPE₂ 2615 ₂ and transmit to the DP 2610 an answermessage that identifies the orthogonal code and port₂ 2685 ₂ of the CO2605. In addition, the CO 2605 may update its mapping table with the newallocation. Upon receiving the answer message, the DP 2610 may updateits port assignment and mapping table. Finally, when the DP 2610receives signals from the CPE₂ 2615 ₂, it may modulate those signalswith the assigned orthogonal code and transmit those signals to the CO2605. Likewise, when the DP 2610 receives signals from the CO 2605corresponding to the CPE₂ 2615 ₂, the DP 2610 may demodulate thosesignals with the assigned orthogonal code and transmit those signals tothe CPE₂ 2615 ₂.

FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram of a PON system 2700 employing coaxialcable according to an embodiment of the disclosure. While FIG. 26 mayemploy DSL, other media may be used in place of DSL while maintainingthe basic architecture of FIG. 26. Returning to FIG. 27, coaxial cablemay be used in place of DSL. The system 2700 may comprise a CO 2705, aDP 2710, and user equipments (UEs)_(1-n) 2715 _(1-n). The CO 2705 maycomprise coaxial transceivers_(1-n) 2720 _(1-n), DACs_(1-n) 2723 _(1-n),CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 2725 _(1-n), a multiplexer 2727, an opticallaser 2730, a WDM filter 2733, an optical diode 2735, a de-multiplexer2737, CDMA demodulation blocks_(1-n) 2740 _(1-n), ADCs_(1-n) 2743_(1-n), and ports_(1-n) 2785 _(1-n), which may function as describedabove or as otherwise known by one of ordinary skill in the art. Thecoaxial transceivers_(1-n) 2720 _(1-n) may use Data Over Cable ServiceInterface Specification (DOCSIS), which is incorporated by reference.The DP 2710 may comprise a WDM filter 2745, an optical diode 2747, ade-multiplexer 2750, CDMA demodulation blocks_(1-n) 2753 _(1-n), firstamplifiers_(1-n) 2755 _(1-n), second amplifiers_(1-n) 2760 _(1-n), CDMAdemodulation blocks_(1-n) 2763 _(1-n), a multiplexer 2765, an opticallaser 2767, and ports_(1-n) 2787 _(1-n), which may function as describedabove or as otherwise known by one of ordinary skill in the art. The DP2710 may further comprise AFEs and interfaces_(1-n) 2757 _(1-n), whichmay function similarly to the hybrid blocks_(1-n) 2657 _(1-n), but for acoaxial system instead of a DSL system. The UEs_(1-n) 2715 _(1-n) maycomprise AFEs and interfaces_(1-n) 2770 _(1-n), ADCs_(1-n) 2773 _(1-n),coaxial receivers_(1-n) 2775 _(1-n), Ethernet MAC blocks_(1-n) 2777_(1-n), coaxial transmitters_(1-n) 2780 _(1-n), and DACs_(1-n) 2783_(1-n), which may function as described above or as otherwise known byone of ordinary skill in the art. The UEs_(1-n) 2715 _(1-n) may beassociated with users_(1-n) 2790 _(1-n). The coaxial receivers_(1-n)2775 _(1-n) may be DOCSIS receivers, and the coaxial transmitters_(1-n)2780 _(1-n) may be DOCSIS transmitters. Instead of DOCSIS, thetransceivers_(1-n) 2720 _(1-n), coaxial receivers_(1-n) 2775 _(1-n), andcoaxial transmitters_(1-n) 2780 _(1-n) may employ any otherspecification.

Initialization and orthogonal code allocation may occur as describedabove. The orthogonal code length may be based on the bandwidth, B_(C),of the coaxial communication signal and the bandwidth, B_(O), of theoptical signal by dividing B_(O) by B_(C) and rounding down to thenearest integer. If using a Walsh orthogonal code length, the orthogonalcode length may be the maximum number that is an integer exponent oftwo, yet less than B_(O) divided by B_(C). The connected media may be inany combination. For example, UE₁ 2715 ₁ may be associated with DSL, UE₅2715 ₅ may be associated with coaxial, and UE₂₀ 2715 ₂₀ may beassociated with a wireless technology such as Wi-Fi, which isincorporated by reference. In that case, B_(C) may be the largestbandwidth among all the different media.

FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of a wireless network 2800. The network2800 may comprise a CO 2810, a baseband unit (BBU) 2820, an OTEconverter 2830, an ADC 2840, and a base station (BS) 2850, which mayfunction as described above or as otherwise known by one of ordinaryskill in the art. The BS 2850 may comprise a radio frequency (RF)modulator 2860 and a tower 2870, which may function as described aboveor as otherwise known by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been introduced to improve wirelessnetwork data rates, but LTE may have smaller coverage compared toprevious wireless technologies. The smaller coverage may require thatthe BS 2850 be closer to the user and may require a less costly backhaulsolution to provide a connection between the CO 2810 and the BS 2850.For lower operation expenses and easy maintenance, the wireless providermay prefer to employ a centralized BBU 2820. To support thisarchitecture, common public radio interface (CPRI), which is a digitizedoptical interface and is incorporated by reference, may be used toconnect the BBU 2820 and the BS 2850 as shown in FIG. 28. TransmissionSystem 1 (T1), which is a hardware specification for communications andis incorporated by reference, or E1, which is the European counterpartto T1 and is incorporated by reference, as well as Fast Ethernet (FE),which is a group of Ethernet standards and is incorporated by reference,may be used to connect the CO 2810 and the BBU 2820 as shown in FIG. 28.

FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram of a wireless network 2900 employingfiber according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The network 2900 maycomprise a CO 2903 and a BS 2905. The CO 2903 may comprise legacyequipment 2907 and a BBU 2910. The legacy equipment 2907 may beequipment typically found in an LTE CO and may function as describedabove or as otherwise known by one of ordinary skill in the art. The BBU2910 may comprise LTE transceivers_(1-n) 2913 _(1-n), DAC s_(1-n) 2915_(1-n), CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 2917 _(1-n), a multiplexer 2920, anoptical diode 2923, a WDM filter 2925, an optical laser 2927, ade-multiplexer 2930, CDMA demodulation blocks_(1-n) 2933 _(1-n), andADCs_(1-n) 2935 _(1-n), which may function as described above or asotherwise known by one of ordinary skill in the art. The BS 2905 maycomprise a remote module 2937 and a tower 2940. The remote module 2937may comprise a WDM filter 2943, an optical diode 2945, a de-multiplexer2947, CDMA demodulation blocks_(1-n) 2950 _(1-n), RF circuits_(1-n) 2953_(1-n), CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 2955 _(1-n), a multiplexer 2957,and an optical laser 2960, which may function as described above or asotherwise known by one of ordinary skill in the art. The tower 2940 mayfunction as described above or as otherwise known by one of ordinaryskill in the art.

As shown in FIG. 29, the BBU 2910 may be moved from a remote location tothe CO 2903, and a fiber may connect the BBU 2910 to the remote module2937. The BBU 2910 and the remote module 2937 may communicate via anintermediate frequency (IF) signal or a baseband signal. Ifcommunicating via an IF signal, then the remote module 2937 may besimpler and provide for less power consumption, less volume, lessweight, and easier installation. If communicating via a baseband signal,then a single fiber may communicate with more base stations at the sametime.

FIG. 30 is a schematic diagram of an HFC network 3000. The network 3000may comprise a headend 3005, a first splitter 3010, a fiber node 3015, acable modem (CM) 3020, a radio frequency over glass (RFOG) 3050, an OLT3055, a second splitter 3060, and an ONU 3065, which may function asdescribed above or as otherwise known by one of ordinary skill in theart. The headend 3005 may comprise a cable modem termination system(CMTS) 3025, an ETO converter 3030, and an amplifier 3035, which mayfunction as described above or as otherwise known by one of ordinaryskill in the art. The fiber node 3015 may comprise an OTE converter 3040and an amplifier, which may function as described above or as otherwiseknown by one of ordinary skill in the art.

A multiple-system operator (MSO) may typically run an HFC network suchas the network 3000. The network 3000 may provide television (TV),voice, and Internet services to users. The CMTS 3025 may provideInternet service. A transceiver (not shown) associated with the CMTS3025 may use DOCSIS to generate a QAM-modulated signal. The ETOconverter 3030 may convert the signal into an optical signal, theamplifier 3035 may amplify the optical signal, and the headend 3005 maytransmit the optical signal to the fiber and towards the fiber node3015. At the fiber node 3015, the OTE converter 3040 may convert theoptical signal into an electrical signal, the amplifier 3045 may amplifythe electrical signal, and the fiber node 3015 may transmit theelectrical signal to the coaxial cable and towards the CM 3020. The CMmay demodulate the electrical signal to obtain the original data.

To compete with traditional fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technologies, theSociety of Cable Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) developed RFOG,which may also extend fiber to the home, but it may do so using an HFCinfrastructure. Because of RFOG's limitations, many MSOs do not use it.As an alternative, CableLabs developed DOCSIS Provisioning on EPON(DPoE), which in incorporated by reference. MSOs may be more likely touse DPoE to provide high-speed Internet services. If the MSOs use bothtraditional CMTS and DPoE, then they will need to manage two systems,which may increase the management workload and thus operating expenses.On the other hand, DPoE may not be able to use the HFC infrastructure.

FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram of an HFC network 3100 employing coaxialand optical sub-networks according to an embodiment of the disclosure.The network 3100 may comprise a headend 3103 comprising a CMTS 3105 anda first optical modulation/demodulation block 3107, a first splitter3110, a fiber node 3113, a second splitter 3115, CMs_(1-i) 3117 _(1-i),a third splitter 3120, and fiber modems_(1-j) (FMs) 3123 _(1-j), whichmay function as described above or as otherwise known by one of ordinaryskill in the art. I and j may be any positive integers. The system 3100may provide a cost-efficient method for expanding the capacity ofcurrently-deployed fiber and do so using existing HFC infrastructure.

The first optical modulation/demodulation block 3107 may be added tomodulate signals transmitted from the CMTS 3105 to the fiber and todemodulate signals transmitted from the fiber to the CMTS 3105. Thefirst optical modulation/demodulation block 3107 may comprisefilters_(1-n) 3125 _(1-n), first CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 3127_(1-n), a multiplexer 3130, an optical diode 3133, a WDM filter 3135, anoptical laser 3137, a de-multiplexer 3140, and first CDMA demodulationblocks_(1-n) 3143 _(1-n), which may function as described above or asotherwise known by one of ordinary skill in the art. N may be equal to iplus j.

The fiber node 3113 may comprise a WDM filter 3145, an optical diode3147, a demultiplexer 3150, second CDMA demodulation blocks_(1-n) 3153_(1-n), AFEs and interfaces_(1-n) 3155 _(1-n), second CDMA modulationblocks_(1-n) 3157 _(1-n), a multiplexer 3160, and an optical laser 3163,which may function as described above or as otherwise known by one ofordinary skill in the art. The second CDMA demodulation blocks_(1-n)3153 _(1-n), second CDMA modulation blocks_(1-n) 3157 _(1-n), andassociated systems may be added to modulate signals transmitted from theCMs_(1-i) 3117 _(1-i) to the fiber and to demodulate signals transmittedfrom the fiber to the CMs_(1-i) 3117 _(1-i).

The FMs_(1-j) 3123 _(1-j) may allow for the network 3100 to more easilyevolve into an FTTH network. The FMs_(1-j) 3123 _(1-j) may be in users'homes. The FMs_(1-j) 3123 _(1-j) may comprise secondmodulation/demodulation blocks_(1-j) 3165 _(1-j) and CMs_(1-j), 3167_(1-j), which may function as described above or as otherwise known byone of ordinary skill in the art. The first splitter 3110 and the thirdsplitter 3120 may allow the network 3100 to feed optical signals to theFMs_(1-j) 3123 _(1-j).

The network 3100 may employ DOCSIS 2.0, DOCSIS, 3.0, DOCSIS 3.1, orlater, all of which are incorporated by reference. The presence of thefirst optical modulation/demodulation block 3107 in the headend 3103 andthe second modulation/demodulation blocks_(1-j) 3165 _(1-j) in theFMs_(1-j) 3123 _(1-j) may improve the capacity of the network 3100. Atypical HFC network may provide a bandwidth of 1 GHz over the singlefiber. If, however, the network 3100 provides an optical bandwidth of 10GHz and an orthogonal code of length eight, then the network 3100 mayprovide eight times the capacity of the typical HFC network. Theport/channel and orthogonal code mapping relationships between the firstoptical modulation/demodulation block 3107 in the headend 3103 and thesecond modulation/demodulation blocks_(1-j) 3165 _(1-j) in the FMs_(1-j)3123 _(1-j) may be maintained as described for FIG. 26.

FIG. 32 is a flowchart illustrating a method 3200 of CDMA demodulationaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure. The method 3200 may beimplemented in the receiver 600. At step 3210, an encoded optical signalmay be received. At step 3220, the encoded optical signal may beconverted into an encoded electrical signal. The encoded electricalsignal may be encoded using a CDMA scheme. At step 3230, a dotmultiplication of the encoded electrical signal and a code associatedwith a scheme may be performed. At step 3240, a differential voltagebased on the dot multiplication may be generated.

FIG. 33 is a flowchart illustrating a method 3300 of transmitting anOFDM₁₃₈₇₅₄₄₇ modulated and a CDMA-modulated signal according to anembodiment of the disclosure. The method 3300 may be implemented in thetransmitter 1610. At step 3310, an input electrical signal may bereceived. At step 3320, the input electrical signal may be modulatedusing OFDM. At step 3330, an electrical signal comprising a real portionbut no complex portion may be generated. At step 3340, the electricalsignal may be modulated using CDMA to create a modulated electricalsignal.

FIG. 34 is a flowchart illustrating a method 3400 of receiving aCDMA-modulated and an OFDM-modulated signal according to an embodimentof the disclosure. The method 3400 may be implemented in the receiver1620. At step 3410, an optical signal may be received. At step 3420, afirst portion of the optical signal may be converted into a real analogsignal. At step 3430, a second portion of the optical signal may beconverted into an imaginary analog signal. At step 3440, a first dotmultiplication of the real analog signal and a first code associatedwith a CDMA scheme may be performed to produce a real decoded analogsignal. At step 3450, a second dot multiplication of the imaginaryanalog signal and a second code associated with the CDMA scheme may beperformed to produce an imaginary decoded analog signal.

FIG. 35 is a flowchart illustrating a method 3500 of dynamicallyadjusting a PAM scheme according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Themethod 3500 may be implemented in the transmitter 2100 or the receiver2200. At step 3510, a signal may be modulated using a PAM scheme. Atstep 3520, the signal may be assigned an orthogonal code associated witha CDMA scheme. At step 3530, the signal may be modulated using theorthogonal code and the CDMA scheme. At step 3540, an order associatedwith the PAM scheme may be adjusted based on at least one of an SNR, aBER associated with the signal, and a signal power.

FIG. 36 is a flowchart illustrating a method 3600 of dynamicallyadjusting a QAM scheme according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Themethod 3600 may be implemented in the transceiver 2400. At step 3610, asignal may be modulated using a QAM scheme. At step 3620, the signal maybe assigned an orthogonal code associated with a CDMA scheme. At step3630, the signal may be modulated using the orthogonal code and the CDMAscheme. At step 3640, an order associated with the QAM scheme may beadjusted based on at least one of an SNR, a BER associated with thesignal, and a signal power.

At least one embodiment is disclosed and variations, combinations,and/or modifications of the embodiment(s) and/or features of theembodiment(s) made by a person having ordinary skill in the art arewithin the scope of the disclosure. Alternative embodiments that resultfrom combining, integrating, and/or omitting features of theembodiment(s) are also within the scope of the disclosure. Wherenumerical ranges or limitations are expressly stated, such expressranges or limitations may be understood to include iterative ranges orlimitations of like magnitude falling within the expressly stated rangesor limitations (e.g., from about 1 to about 10 includes, 2, 3, 4, etc.;greater than 0.10 includes 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, etc.). For example,whenever a numerical range with a lower limit, R₁, and an upper limit,R_(u), is disclosed, any number falling within the range is specificallydisclosed. In particular, the following numbers within the range arespecifically disclosed: R=R₁+k*(R_(u)−R₁), wherein k is a variableranging from 1 percent to 100 percent with a 1 percent increment, i.e.,k is 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, 5 percent, . . . , 50percent, 51 percent, 52 percent, . . . , 95 percent, 96 percent, 97percent, 98 percent, 99 percent, or 100 percent. Moreover, any numericalrange defined by two R numbers as defined in the above is alsospecifically disclosed. The use of the term “about” means +/− 10% of thesubsequent number, unless otherwise stated. Use of the term “optionally”with respect to any element of a claim means that the element isrequired, or alternatively, the element is not required, bothalternatives being within the scope of the claim. Use of broader termssuch as comprises, includes, and having may be understood to providesupport for narrower terms such as consisting of, consisting essentiallyof, and comprised substantially of. Accordingly, the scope of protectionis not limited by the description set out above but is defined by theclaims that follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subjectmatter of the claims. Each and every claim is incorporated as furtherdisclosure into the specification and the claims are embodiment(s) ofthe present disclosure. The discussion of a reference in the disclosureis not an admission that it is prior art, especially any reference thathas a publication date after the priority date of this application. Thedisclosure of all patents, patent applications, and publications citedin the disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference, to the extentthat they provide exemplary, procedural, or other details supplementaryto the disclosure.

While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure,it may be understood that the disclosed systems and methods might beembodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spiritor scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to beconsidered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is notto be limited to the details given herein. For example, the variouselements or components may be combined or integrated in another systemor certain features may be omitted, or not implemented.

In addition, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described andillustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may becombined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, ormethods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.Other items shown or discussed as coupled or directly coupled orcommunicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicatingthrough some interface, device, or intermediate component whetherelectrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes,substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in theart and may be made without departing from the spirit and scopedisclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. An optical receiver comprising: an optical portconfigured to receive an encoded optical signal; and a demodulationblock indirectly coupled to the port and comprising a multiplexer,wherein the multiplexer is configured to: receive an encoded electricalsignal, wherein the encoded electrical signal is associated with theencoded optical signal, and wherein the encoded electrical signal isencoded using a code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme, receive acode associated with the scheme, perform a dot multiplication of theencoded electrical signal and the code, and generate a differentialvoltage based on the dot multiplication.
 2. The receiver of claim 1,wherein the demodulation block further comprises: a voltage-to-current(VTC) converter coupled to the multiplexer and configured to convert thedifferential voltage to a current; and an accumulator coupled to the VTCconverter and configured to: accumulate the current, and generate adecoded electrical signal based on the accumulated current.
 3. Thereceiver of claim 2, further comprising: a photodiode coupled to theport and configured to convert the encoded optical signal to the encodedelectrical signal; a clock synchronization system positioned between thephotodiode and the demodulation block; and a decision block coupled tothe demodulation block and configured to: perform a comparison of thedecoded electrical signal to a predefined threshold, and generateoriginal data based on the comparison.
 4. The receiver of claim 2,wherein the accumulator comprises: at least one capacitor; and at leastone switch.
 5. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the multiplexercomprises: a first differential amplifier; a second differentialamplifier; a first resistor; a second resistor; and a NOT logical gate.6. The receiver of claim 5, wherein the first differential amplifiercomprises a first transistor and a second transistor, and wherein thesecond differential amplifier comprises a third transistor and a fourthtransistor.
 7. A method comprising: receiving an optical signal;converting a first portion of the optical signal into a real analogsignal; converting a second portion of the optical signal into animaginary analog signal; performing a first dot multiplication of thereal analog signal and a first code associated with a code divisionmultiple access (CDMA) scheme to produce a real decoded analog signal;and performing a second dot multiplication of the imaginary analogsignal and a second code associated with the CDMA scheme to produce animaginary decoded analog signal.
 8. The method of claim 7, furthercomprising: converting the real decoded analog signal to a real decodeddigital signal; converting the imaginary decoded analog signal to animaginary decoded digital signal; modulating the real decoded digitalsignal and the imaginary decoded digital signal using orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing (OFDM); and generating original databased on the modulating.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein themodulating comprises subjecting the real decoded digital signal to afast Fourier transform (FFT)/frequency domain equalizer (FEQ) block, ade-mapping block, and a parallel-to-serial converter (PTS) block. 10.The method of claim 7, wherein the first portion of the optical signalis an in-phase optical signal and the second portion of the opticalsignal is a quadrature optical signal.
 11. The method of claim 7,wherein the first portion of the optical signal is a quadrature opticalsignal and the second portion of the optical signal is an in-phaseoptical signal.
 12. A communications system comprising: a central office(CO) comprising legacy equipment and a baseband unit (BBU), wherein theBBU comprises: a cellular transceiver, and a code division multipleaccess (CDMA) modulation block indirectly coupled to the cellulartransceiver; and a base station (BS) communicatively coupled to the COvia an optical fiber.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the BBUfurther comprises: a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) positionedbetween the cellular transceiver and the CDMA modulation block; amultiplexer coupled to the CDMA modulation block; an optical diodecoupled to the multiplexer; a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)filter coupled to the optical diode; an optical laser coupled to the WDMfilter; a de-multiplexer coupled to the optical laser; a CDMAdemodulation block coupled to the de-multiplexer; and ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC) positioned between the cellulartransceiver and the CDMA demodulation block.
 14. The system of claim 12,wherein the cellular transceiver is a Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellulartransceiver.